Descent with modification: the unity underlying homology and homoplasy as seen through an analysis of development and evolution.

Article Abstract:

The relationships between homology and homoplasy is examined with respect to common or independent descent and to the mechanisms of embryonic development that underlie both homology and homoplasy. Homology as applied to the features of organisms represents the presence of that feature in the last common ancestor, whether the feature is based on shared or upon divergent developmental processes.

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The evolution of learning

Article Abstract:

An evolutionary cladogram linking nearly one hundred forms of learning and showing the paths through which they evolved are reviewed. The findings indicate that cladogram involved at least eight new process including abstract concept formation, and percussive mimicry.

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The evolution of asymmetric genitalia in spiders and insects

Article Abstract:

A study to find the fundamental differences between spider and insect genital asymmetries is presented. Findings show that spiders offer very few cases of asymmetry in contrast to insects.

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