Article Abstract:
The female Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) give composite vocalizations containing a series of individual notes during the breeding season. Using a visual categorization system based on sonagrams of individual notes, five categories of notes were identified that commonly occurred in this population. The female Red-winged Blackbirds form composite calls by combining different sequences of individual notes. Structural variables used to characterize notes did not differ among females, but differed significantly among note types, and note types varied among females.
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Article Abstract:
The agonistic vocalizations of Black-chinned Hummingbirds are complex and show similarities in organization with those of certain chickadees (Parus). However, they are markedly different from those of Anna's Hummingbirds. The calls have 1 to 5 different note-types that consist of a recombinatorial system with syntax. The note-types are non-randomly ordered. The calls are openly distributed and fail to reveal any sex differences, except for the Z-note, which is frequent in male calls.
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Article Abstract:
The vocalizations of wild and captive Whooping Cranes (Grus americana) were studied to determine if they can be reliably used as a method for sex determination in the monomorphic species. Sex discrimination by discriminant analysis gave a 98.8% successful classification rate, which is comparable to the rate for karyotype analysis. The method is therefore recommended for sex determination procedures for Whooping Cranes, either together with or replacing karyotype analysis.
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