A defined growth medium for Clostridium difficile

Article Abstract:

Amino acids that are essential for the growth of Clostridium difficile in chemically defined medium are leucine, tryptophan, valine, cysteine, isoleucine and proline. Growth is increased by threonine, histidine, glycine, methionine and arginine. Pyridoxine, biotin and pantothenate are the essential vitamins for the growth. Adenine is an efficient substitute for threonine and glycine, indicating that both amino acids are precursors of purine nucleotides.

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Genetic analysis of type E botulinum toxin-producing Clostridium butyricum strains

Article Abstract:

Clostridium butyricum appears to occur all over the world, according to researchers who analyzed the type E botulinum toxin gene from the bacterium using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and Southern blot hybridization. The bacterial samples came from cases of food-borne botulism in Italy and China, and from soil in China.

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Clostridium botulinum type A haemagglutinin-positive progenitor toxin (HA(sup)+-PTX) binds to oligosaccharides containing Galbeta1-4GlcNAc through one subcomponent of haemagglutinin (HA1)

Article Abstract:

Results show that type A hemagglutinin-positive progenitor toxin binds to Galbeta1-4GlcNAc and to the N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins but not to gangliosides. Data indicate that unsialylated oligosaccharides are the receptors for type A progenitor toxin.

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