A critique of the grandmother hypotheses: old and new

Article Abstract:

This article examines old and new theories of grandmothering and menopause, including the old theory that menopause may be an adaptation permitting women to invest more time with existing progeny, and the newer hypothesis that grandmothers gain a fitness advantage by investing in their grandchildren as an explanation of the long post-menopause lifespan of females. The author suggest that the selection of increased maternal investment does not apply to grandmothers, but to mothers.

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Association with age at natural menopause in Blackfeet women

Article Abstract:

This article studies the factors determining the age of menopause onset among Blackfeet women. The research considers the age of menarche, income levels, unemployment, breastfeeding, use of oral contraception, and education levels; comparisons with menopausal population among other women in the US is discussed.

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Menstrual cycle variability and the perimenopause

Article Abstract:

This article examines the role of the menstrual cycle in the five years before menopause. The authors discuss the depletion of ovarian follicles, levels of reproductive hormones, frequency of ovulation, and the variability of menstrual cycle length.

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