Elusive libraries of Timbuktu: scholars seek West Africa's medieval past in the city's little known manuscripts

Article Abstract:

The city of Timbuktu, founded in the eleventh century by nomads, became a commercial center of a mighty empire and in the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century it was an Islamic center of learning that attracted thousands of students from all over West Africa. However, even though there are several controversies about Timbuktu and difficulties in gaining access to many of its libraries, its manuscripts hold tantalizing possibilities for those seeking to learn more about the city and its history.

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The road to Timbuktu; camel caravans and the rise of commerce in medieval Mali

Article Abstract:

The information provided by archaeological research at Timbuktu, Mali, is discussed, and reveals that the city emerged before n1100 and entered its period of prosperity with its annexation by the Empire of Mali in the early 14th century. During this period its major monuments, including two mosques which still survive today, were built. The city's golden age ended with the 16th century.

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Letters from old Russia; love, death and taxes in medieval Novgorod

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Letters written on birch bark which describe the daily life of medieval Novgorod, Russia, are described. Novgorod is revealed as a major trading center and a multi-ethnic center of culture and high wealth.

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