Article Abstract:
Mesoamerican cultures used a gold-copper alloy called 'tumbaga' to coat the ornaments that were left to adorn the burial chambers of local chiefs. Using a technology called depletion gilding, skilled metalsmiths of ancient times crafted filigree jewelry and chest plaques by heating ornaments to give them a coating of copper oxide before pickling the pieces in an acidic plant juice to create 'tumbaga.' Research on furnishings from a burial site in Sitio Conte, Panama, shows that the degree of preservation of these pieces is linked to the mix of gold, copper and silver used by ancient metalsmiths.
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Article Abstract:
The University of Pennsylvania Museum contains a vast collection of early imperial Roman glass, including more than 700 vessels. Most of these vessels, covering the whole era of Roman Imperial history from first century BC to early 7th century, are unbroken. The shapes of the vessels were subjected to periodical changes during later centuries, according to trade demands. Innovative ideas were passed on to other regions of the Roman Empire, and Cologne and Egypt became important production centers reflecting western and eastern characteristics, respectively.
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Article Abstract:
Photographs of different late Roman glasswares with historical accounts describing their elegance and relevance are presented. These collectible glasswares are presently exhibited in the museum of the University of Pennsylvania. Distinctive characteristics can be seen from every item which imply that a significant evolution involving the Roman glassmaking industry occurred from the 1st century and onwards.
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